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Ineos                     EVC 100%取得 INEOS Vinyls

Businesses              The man who made £3.3bn

http://www.ineos.com/aboutus/aboutusframe.htm        

INEOS is a young company. It has grown through a series of related
acquisitions to become a medium sized international company with sales of about Euro 5 billion.

Most of our employees have spent all their working lives in the chemical industry. They arrived at INEOS from ICI, Du Pont, Dow, Degussa, BP, Enichem and Unilever. We have, and unashamedly still continue to extract best practices from this very impressive group of people in all spheres of activity.

A quiet, family man based in Southampton, Jim Ratcliffe is now 53,

The secret of Ratcliffes success is that he is at home in both the chemical industry and the world of private equity. A chemical engineer by training, his career began at Esso before he left to join Courtaulds. But the transforming move came when he joined venture capital firm Advent in 1989.

Three years later, he teamed up with chemist-turned-entrepreneur John Hollowood to lead a buyout of Inspec Group from BP for £40m. Within 18 months, the group floated and by 1998 ? when the bulk of its operations were sold to Laporte - its value had grown 15-fold. That year the two co-founders parted, says Corporate Money. Ratcliffe - backed by private-equity firm Aberdeen Murray Johnstone - led a management buyout of part of Inspecs chemicals divisions to create Ineos Group and embarked on an acquisition binge. Its astonishing rise surprised even its management. To be truthful, Im surprised how quickly it has all happened,said Ratcliffe, in a rare 2001 interview.

Ratcliffe has grown Ineos rapidly by making ever-bigger acquisitions funded mostly with debt, says Breakingviews.com. How come, one might ask? Surely even in todays markets where liquidity is sloshing around, one needs to fund at least 20% of a deal with equity?Ratcliffe gets round that requirement by using Ineos as the equity - focusing single-mindedly on growing cash flow to increase the companys debt capacity. That way, Ineos is ready to be used as collateral for the next deal, ensuring that every few years, he can triple or quadruple in size.

Ineoss policy of buying businesses regardless of whether they have synergies with existing operations resembles that of a private-equity capital firm, says Chemical Week. But the majority of its board members have at least ten years of experience in the chemical industry. This hybrid positioning works in its favour: Ineos has purchased most of its assets in auctions, frequently competing against private-equity capital companies.

Chemical companies are more comfortable dealing with us than with accountants from the private-equity capital sector,says Ratcliffe. Nonetheless, Ineos has some of the philosophies and healthy disciplines of private-equity capital. The company has developed strict criteria for acquisition targets. Ultimately, it all comes down to a targets ability to enhance the groups value, measured by earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortisation (EBITDA). Ineoss entire modus operandi assumes that it can double the average EBITDA of a cyclical business over a five-year period.

Money Week2006/6 http://www.moneyweek.com/file/6986/profile-jim-ratcliffe-britains-most-private-billionaire.html


2006/1 New INEOS business names confirmed (Innovene 統合による)

1998 INEOS formed   それまでの歴史
INEOS acquires the Antwerp ethylene derivatives business from Inspec.
1999 Charterhouse Development Capital (majority shareholder 78%) and INEOS Capital (minority shareholder 22%) acquire ICI Acrylics and form INEOS Acrylics.
2000 INEOS Acrylics acquires Acrylic Products, South Africa, and Bonar Polymers, UK.
Start up of Mobile phenol/acetone plant in Alabama, USA.
2001 INEOS acquires Crosfield (from ICI) and forms INEOS Silicas.
INEOS acquires ICI Chlor-Chemicals and forms
INEOS Chlor.
INEOS acquires ICI Klea and forms
INEOS Fluor.
INEOS acquires
Dow Chemicals' global ethanolamine and USA/Canadian GAS/SPEC gas treating amines businesses.
INEOS acquires a majority shareholding in
EVC.
INEOS acquires PHENOLCHEMIE and forms
INEOS Phenol.
INEOS Oxide Acquires
BP Chemicals' European Acetate Business    ENB
2002 INEOS Acrylics becomes Lucite International.
2003 Ineos buys Degussa's German Methanova unit
INEOS acquires Methanova and forms INEOS Paraform.
2004 EVC Films established as a separate business.
Acquisition by EVC Films of former films plant in Delaware, USA.
2005 Formation of INEOS Enterprises Ltd.
EVC assets become fully owned by INEOS, leading to reorganization with INEOS Chlor to form two new divisions, INEOS ChlorVynils and INEOS Films and Compounds.
INEOS Films acquires Adriaplast and Caleppiovinil, Italy.
INEOS acquires BASF’s USA/Canadian polystyrene business and forms INEOS Styrenics.
INEOS acquires UCB’s worldwide amino resins and additives business from Cytec Industries Inc. and forms INEOS Melamines.
BP Agrees Sale of Petrochemicals Business to INEOS for $9 Billion

Ineos Secures Funding for U.K. Chlor-Alkali Upgrade

EVC更に買い増し   

   EVC Annual General Meeting of Shareholders approved the sale of EVC business to INEOS Vinyls Newco Limited.

   EVC asset sale to INEOS Vinyls completion of transaction

BASF to sell U.S., Canadian polystyrene business to INEOS Americas, LLC

    INEOS Styrenics と改称

EVC 100%取得 INEOS Vinyls

BP Agrees Sale of Petrochemicals Business to INEOS for $9 Billion

   European Commission clears proposed acquisition by INEOS of BP's EO/EG business in Dormagen

Ineos integrates Chlor and Vinyls management

Chevron Phillips sells Port Arthur Cumene unit to INEOS Americas

INEOS announces plans for a major expansion of its Ethylene Cracker plant at Koln Site

INEOS Technologies has licensed Innovene S Processfor HDPE and MDPE to Sinopec Tianjin Petrochemical 300-ktpa plant

INEOS Technologies has licensed Innovene S Processfor HDPE and MDPE to PetroChina's Dushanzi Petrochemical 300-ktpa plant

INEOS Enterprises announces strategy for significant growth of its European biodiesel business and confirms major biodiesel investment for Grangemouth

INEOS Enterprises Announces Plans for Major Investment in New Biodiesel Facility at Port of Antwerp

INEOS Polyolefins announce Euro150 million investment in European assets

INEOS Nitriles announces acrylonitrile capacity expansion

INEOS Oxide: EO and EOA expansion at Lavera

Ineos gets go-aheads withanhydrous HF acid and phenol/acetone in China

INEOS Phenol to invest in 400,000 tonne phenol acetone plant in China

NOVA Chemicals、北米のSM、PS事業をINEOSとのJVに移管

INEOS Capital to buy Hydro's polymers business

EU extends inquiry deadline for Ineos buy of Kerling to Jan 11

European Commission Gives Clearance for INEOS acquisition of Hydro Polymers

Ineos Chlorvinyls Announces Sale of its E-PVC Business to Vinnolit

Borealis sells its petrochemical business in Norway to Ineos

INEOS agrees joint venture with LANXESS to operate the ABS plastics business.

INEOS Polyolefins announce PP restructuring at Sarralbe

INEOS to discontinue Wilhelmshaven cracker project

Ineos folds silicas business into Carlyle Group's PQ Corporation

FTC Challenges Carlyle PartnersPurchase of INEOSs Sodium Silicate Businesses

INEOS NOVA and SEEA Polymers announce plans for new EPS plant in Romania

INEOS Polyolefins announces extension of Grangemouth PP and PE

INEOS to acquire Acrylonitrile plant from BASF

INEOS Technologies signs further agreement with Sibur LLC

  SIBURs Tobolsk 500kt Polypropylene Plant Enters Construction Phase

Ineos might quit PVC production in Italy


2001/12/18

INEOS Oxide Acquires BP Chemicals' European Acetate Business
   http://www.ineos.com/news/details_pressrealeases.php?id_press=33


On the 17th December 2001, INEOS Oxide acquired BP Chemicals' European Acetate Esters Business; subject to competition authority approvals. Completion is expected in February 2002.
Included in the deal is the acetate ester plant located on INEOS Oxide's site in Antwerp, goodwill and technology license. Financial details were not disclosed.


Platts 2003/7/23

UK Ineos buys Degussa's German Methanova unit


Germany's Degussa Wednesday said it would sell its unit Methanova GmbH to UK-based Ineos effective Jun 30 for an undisclosed price. The specialty chemicals company said the move was in line with its previously announced strategy to divest non-core operations and focus on its specialty business.


Chemical Week Aug 04, 2003

Ineos Secures Funding for U.K. Chlor-Alkali Upgrade

Ineos Chlor says it has obtained a £155-million ($251 million) financing package for a previously announced upgrade of its chlor-alkali complex at Runcorn,

Ineos Chlor will convert the 620,000-m.t./year mercury cell plant to membrane technology, using its Bichlor process; replace a boiler in the plant's power station; and modernize derivative plants that produce chloromethanes; methylene chloride; chloroform; and perchloroethylene and trichloroethylene, Crotty says.

 


British Plastics & rubber 2005/10/31

Ineos integrates Chlor and Vinyls management

The top management of Ineos Vinyls and Ineos Chlor has been combined under the name Ineos ChlorVinyls and the management of Ineos Chlor chief executive Tom Crotty. Ineos Vinyls former chief executive Calum MacLean is now responsible for managing the integration of BP's Innovene business into Ineos. Despite the bringing together of their management, Ineos Chlor and Ineos Vinyls remain separate groups.


1815 Joseph Crosfield & Sons establish a soapery at Warrington, UK.
1890s Castner Kellner Alkali Co. Ltd started production of caustic soda at Runcorn, UK.
1952 Founding of Phenolchemie.
1954 Start up of Gladbeck phenol/acetone plant in Germany.
1960s Installation of two state-of-the-art cell rooms at ICI Runcorn site for chlorine/caustic soda production.
1966 Union Carbide construct ethylene derivatives site at Antwerp
1970s Third cell room installed at ICI Runcorn site.
1978 Antwerp site sold to BP Chemicals.
1986 EVC formed through a 50/50 joint venture between ICI and EniChem.
1990 ICI commission the world's first HFC 134a plant.
1992 ICI open the world's largest HFC 134a plant at St Gabriel, Louisiana and the world's first HFC 32 plant in the UK.
1993 ICI and Teijin Limited joint venture to make KLEATM134a at Mihara, Japan .
Start-up of Antwerp phenol/acetone plant.
1994 EVC floated on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange.
1995 Inspec Group acquires the Antwerp site.
1997 Crosfield bought by ICI. (from Unilever)
1998 INEOS formed. INEOS acquires the Antwerp ethylene derivatives business from Inspec.
2000 Start up of Mobile phenol/acetone plant in Alabama, USA.
2001 INEOS acquires Crosfield and forms INEOS Silicas.
INEOS acquires ICI Chlor-Chemicals and forms INEOS Chlor.
INEOS acquires ICI Klea and forms INEOS Fluor.
INEOS acquires Dow Chemicals' global ethanolamine and USA/Canadian GAS/SPEC
TM gas treating amines businesses.
INEOS acquires a majority shareholding in EVC.
INEOS acquires Phenolchemie and forms INEOS Phenol.
2003 INEOS acquires Methanova and forms INEOS Paraform.
2004 EVC Films established as a separate business.
Acquisition by EVC Films of former films plant in Delaware, USA.
2005 Formation of INEOS Enterprises Ltd.
EVC assets become fully owned by INEOS, leading to reorganization with INEOS Chlor to form two new divisions, INEOS ChlorVynils and INEOS Films and Compounds.
INEOS Films acquires Adriaplast and Caleppiovinil, Italy.
INEOS acquires BASF's USA/Canadian polystyrene business and forms INEOS Styrenics.
INEOS acquires UCB's worldwide amino resins and additives business from Cytec Industries Inc. and forms INEOS Melamines.

Businesses

INEOS ChlorVinyls 下記2つを統合

  
INEOS Chlor

2001 INEOS acquires ICI Chlor-Chemicals and forms INEOS Chlor.

  INEOS Vinyls

2001 INEOS acquires a majority shareholding in EVC.
2005 EVC is fully owned by INEOS.

INEOS Enterprises

Our Brine & Water business is growing through major investment to support expansion of our key customers and new activities, for example gas storage.
We are the number one producer of
sulphur chemical products in the UK and have expanded our product range and market penetration outside the UK by acquisition and major investment in new manufacturing capability.
Through our
Electrochemical Technology business we have a pedigree founded in the application of technology. We are a leader in the field of electrochemical technology licensing and fuel cells, for example with our state-of-the-art BICHLOR? membrane electrolyser.
Our
Esters business at Baleycourt in France is growing rapidly, focussed on the plasticiser markets. At Baleycourt we also manufacture our leading chlorinated paraffins and biodiesel product range.
From our plant at Wilhelmshaven in Germany we support INEOS Vinyls through the
manufacture of chlorine for their PVC business. We also have a well-established customer base for caustic soda in the region.
At Bangpoo in Thailand we manufacture
plasticisers through our joint venture IACC with The East Asiatic (Thailand) Company.

2001 INEOS acquires ICI Chlor-Chemicals and forms INEOS Chlor.
2004 INEOS Chlor Enterprises formed.
2004 New esters and biodiesel business established at Baleycourt, France.
2004 Acquisition of sulphur chemicals business from Albion.
2005 INEOS Chlor Enterprises renamed INEOS Enterprises.

INEOS Films and Compounds

2001 INEOS acquires a majority shareholding in EVC.
2004 EVC Films established as a separate business.
Acquisition of former films plant in Delaware, USA and of Dub Sebuca Compounds business in France.
2005 Acquisition from Solvay of Adriaplast and Caleppiovinil, Italy.
EVC assets acquired by Ineos,
with the Ineos Compounds business tranferred to join Ineos Films in a single downstream Ineos Films and Compounds.

INEOS Fluor

2001 INEOS acquires ICI Klea and forms INEOS Fluor.

INEOS Melamines

1970 Hoechst becomes the major shareholder of Cassella AG (75% Hoechst, 25% widely held stock).
1995 Change of ownership from Cassella AG to Hoechst AG, Site Cassella.
1999 Acquired by Solutia Inc.
2003 Acquired by UCB / Surface Specialties.
2005 Acquired by but held separate from Cytec Surface Specialties.
Acquired by INEOS and formation of INEOS Melamines GmbH.

INEOS Oxide

1966 Union Carbide constructs its first major European ethylene derivatives site in Antwerp.
1978 Antwerp site sold to BP Chemicals.
1995 Inspec Group acquires the Antwerp site and expands the EO/EG plants to 200/200 ktpa.
1998 INEOS acquires the Antwerp site and expands the EO/EG plants to 300/300 ktpa.
1999 Acquisition of BP's Antifreeze business.
2001 Acquisition of Dow Chemicals Global Ethanolamine and US/Canadian GAS/SPEC? gas treating amines businesses.
EO/EG plant expanded to 420/340 ktpa.
2002 Acquisition of BP's Acetate Esters Business.
2003 Expansion of Plaquemine EOA capacity to 170 ktpa.

INEOS Paraform ( Formaldehyde, Paraformaldehyde, Hexamethylene tetramine and Alkali Cyanates )

1856 First production in Mainz / Germany.
1931 Takeover by Degussa AG.
1999 Establishment of a subsidiary Methanova GmbH.
2003 INEOS acquires Methanova and forms INEOS Paraform.

INEOS Phenol

1952-1954 Founding of PHENOLCHEMIE in Gladbeck
by Bergwerksgesellschaft Hibernia AG, Scholven Chemie AG (both merged to VEBA Chemie AG in 1961),
Rutgerswerke AG and Bakelite GmbH (in 1954 replaced by Harpener Bergbau AG).
1979 VEBA Chemie AG transferred its 50% share to Huls AG.
1994 Full Acquisition by Huls AG.
1998 Merger of Degussa AG and Huls AG resulting in Degussa-Huls AG.
2001 INEOS acquires PHENOLCHEMIE and forms INEOS Phenol.

INEOS Silicas

1997 Crosfield, along with Unilever's other specialty Chemicals businesses, was sold to ICI.
2001 INEOS acquires Crosfield and forms INEOS Silicas.

INEOS Styrenics

1960's Site developed by Rexene Polymers.
1978 Purchased by Mobil Chemical.
1983 Start-up of production facility using BASF technology.
1992 Business acquired by BASF.
2005 Acquired by INEOS Americas LLC.

2006/1 New INEOS business names confirmed (Innovene 統合による)


2006/6/7 INEOS

INEOS announces plans for a major expansion of its Ethylene Cracker plant at Koln Site.
http://www.ineos.com/new_item.php?id_press=129

INEOS has agreed pre-sanction expenditure for a major cracker expansion at its Koln Sitebought in with the former BP Innovene businesses. Construction of a Euro 40 million unit is planned to begin early in 2007, following the projects final approval expected later this year. Capacity from the new unit would be brought on-line during 2008.

Tom Crotty, CEO INEOS Olefins said,
The expansion of the Koln Cracker is a clear sign of INEOScommitment to the Koln Site and to the Olefins Business in Europe. INEOS is developing a number of expansion opportunities throughout the business and I am delighted to begin with this planned investment at the heart of our business in Koln.

Once completed, the new expansion unit will serve two naphtha crackers and will lead to an additional production of ethylene of around 100 000 tons per annum.

The additional ethylene will either be used at the Koln Site to produce polyethylene or will be supplied to other INEOS sites via the ARG pipeline system. In constructing the new unit, advanced technology will be applied with emphasis on the optimisation of energy use and the control of emissions.

Basic engineering work has already commenced with LINDE and ABB Lumus leading the project planning activities.


2006/6/23 INEOS

INEOS Technologies wins second technology license contract for Chinese market
http://www.ineos.com/new_item.php?id_press=130

INEOS Technologies has licensed its Innovene S Processfor the manufacture of HDPE and MDPE to China Petrochemical International Company Limited for use at Sinopec Tianjin Petrochemical Company, Tianjin, China.

The
300-ktpa plant will produce a full range of Ziegler and Chrome monomodal and bimodal products for the Chinese market.

This is the second time that INEOS has licensed this process into China during the last year. In September 2005 INEOS licensed an 'Innovene S'
300-ktpa unit, including a downstream pipe compounding facility, to PetroChina International Company Limited, for their new major expansion project at Dushanzi, Xinjiang.

Peter Williams, CEO of INEOS Technologies, commented: "We are very pleased to have been selected as the licensing partner on these projects by two of the premier companies in China, and we look forward to working with both to deliver first class manufacturing assets based on our leading polyethylene technology."


2006/8/10 INEOS

European Commission clears proposed acquisition of BP's Dormagen business by INEOS
http://www.ineos.com/new_item.php?id_press=138

The European Commission has today cleared the way for INEOS to acquire BP's Ethylene Oxide/Ethylene Glycol business in Dormagen, Germany. Following an in-depth investigation the Commission has concluded that the proposed acquisition would not significantly impede competition in the European Economic Area (EEA) or a substantial part of it.

 


2006/10/17 Ineos

INEOS Enterprises announces strategy for significant growth of its European biodiesel business and confirms major biodiesel investment for Grangemouth

INEOS Enterprises has today announced a strategy to achieve significant growth of its biodiesel business across Europe. The first step of this strategy will be to achieve at least 2 million tonnes of biodiesel output by 2012, with some 1.2 million tonnes by 2010.


2006/12/11 Ineos

INEOS Enterprises Announces Plans for Major Investment in New Biodiesel Facility at Port of Antwerp

INEOS Enterprises has today announced details of its proposals for a
major investment in a new biodiesel facility at the INEOS site at Zwijndrecht in the Port of Antwerp. The investment, which will be in excess of Euro 90 million, forms part of the Companys strategy to deliver significant growth and become the premier supplier of biodiesel across Europe. The Company expects the plant to be operational by early 2009.

The new facility, which will have
a capacity of at least 500,000 tonnes per annum, intends to use a good proportion of feedstock sourced from Belgian suppliers. It will have the capability of providing secure biodiesel supplies to the entire Belgian biofuels market in addition to supplying further afield across Europe. The facility would also use glycerine as a bi-product of biodiesel production to stimulate the development of glycerine technology at the site. In parallel to this investment by INEOS, a third party investment in a new vegetable oil extraction facility is also being planned in the vicinity, bringing about further synergies, and leading to the creation of a regional bio-hub.


2007/1/17 INEOS

INEOS Polyolefins announce Euro150 million investment in European assets.

Polypropylene capacity expansions will take place at its facilities in Geel, Belgium and Grangemouth, Scotland.  At Geel a 220 ktpa expansion of the Innovene P gas phase polypropylene unit will increase this unit's capacity to 500ktpa, transforming it into one of the largest units in the world.  The smaller slurry/dry flash polypropylene asset at Geel will close later this year.  At Grangemouth the 220ktpa liquid pool polypropylene unit will undergo a 30ktpa debottleneck raising its capacitiy to 280ktpa, with a further 30ktpa debottleneck to be implemented when market demand permits.

High density polyethylene capacity expansions will take place at INEOS Polyolefins' Lillo manufacturing site, whereby the capacity of its proprietary bi-modal slurry phase unit will be increased by 200ktpa to 630ktpa. The new capacity which will be in place by 2009 will also make this asset one of the largest in the world.  At Grangemouth, given the current situation in plant economics, and provided there are no significant changes in market conditions, the smaller and older of its two gas phase polyethylene units, a HDPE unit, located at this site will close at the end of 2007.

  立地 能力千トン    
PP Geel 280500 Innovene P gas phase slurry/dry flash設備 停止
Grangemouth 220250280 Liquid pool  
HDPE Lillo 430630 bi-modal slurry phase  
Grangemouth     gas phase 2基の小さい方を停止

 


2007/2/14 Asia Chemical Weekly

Ineos gets go-aheads with two projects in China

Ineos has get go-aheads with two projects in China, the one is the jv fluoride project in Jiangxi Province, the another is the phenol/acetone project in
 Zhejiang Province.

Ineos Fluor, a unit of Ineos Group, has formed a jv with Zhejiang Xing Teng (浙江星騰) Chemical Co for the construction of a 40,000 tonne/year anhydrous HF acid 無水弗化水素酸 plant in Shangrao(上饒), Jiangxi province. The project is scheduled for completion by end of 2007, and it will supply raw materials to its fluorochemicals plant in Mihara, Japan.
The new jv company, which named as Jiangxi In-Tech (
江西英騰) Chemical Co, will supply around 15,000-20,000 tonne/year of hydrogen fluoride to the Mihara plant. The rest output will be used to Zheijiang Xing Teng Chemical's fluorochemicals operation and supply to the merchant market.

Also,
Ineos Phenol, another subsidiary of Ineos Group, has got the approval from government to build a world scale phenol/acetone project in Zhangjiagang (張家港), Zhejiang Province. The projects will cost around RMB 1.867 billion (USD 240 million), and it will produce 400,000 tonne/year of phenol and 250,000 tonne/year of acetone. Work on the project is aimed to start by June this year and it is expected to start up within three years.

China's imports for phenol and acetone over the past three years shows following.

China imports (kt)
  Acetone Phenol

2004

254.3

281.2

2005

337.4

291.3

2006

395.9

284.6


イネオスケミカル三原工場

2000年12月7日

ICI・帝人の代替フロン合弁会社の事業売却について

 英国ICIと帝人は、両社の折半出資会社アイ・シー・アイ・帝人フロロケミカル(製造所:広島県三原市)の設立に関する現行の合弁基本契約を終了し、ITFの全株式をINEOSに売却することに合意しました。
 ITFは, ICIと帝人の折半出資により1992年にオゾンを破壊しない代替フロン「クリー134aR」の製造会社として設立され,高品質のサービスを提供してきました。
 帝人は、フロロケミカル類の回収・分解業務を含め、業務受託の形態でINEOSグループ三原製造所での生産オペレーションを引き受けて行きます。

 


2007/2/21 INEOS

INEOS Phenol to invest in 400,000 tonne phenol acetone plant in China

Following approval by the National Development Reform Commission (China), the Ministry of Commerce and the Jiangsu Province Administration of Industry and Commerce, INEOS Phenol has announced its intention to invest in a 400,000 tonne phenol plant in Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu Province, China. The new facility, which will also produce 250,000 tonnes of acetone, will be solely owned by INEOS and is expected to be completed at the end of 2009.

It is expected that production from the Zhangjiagang facility will serve the growing market for phenol and acetone in China and will free capacity at the company's European and US plants to meet growth in these regions. The completion of this new plant in China will increase INEOS Phenol's overall annual capacity to over
2.2 million tonnes of phenol and 1.2 million tonnes of acetone.

"When completed, INEOS will be the only company in the world to have
phenol and acetone production in Europe, the US and Asia said Alberto Spera, CEO INEOS Phenol.

This announcement follows closely behind the INEOS agreement, in January, to manufacture
HF in Shangrao, Jiangxi Province and reinforces the company's commitment to increase its manufacturing capabilities in Asia, with a particular focus on China.

INEOS Phenol, currently has a nameplate capacity of
1690 ktonnes of phenol and 1050 ktonnes of acetone a year. It has a turnover of around Euro3.2 billion and employs 600 people worldwide. The company is the world's largest producer of Phenol and Acetone and the only manufacturer with production facilities both in Europe and America .


2007/2/26 INEOS

INEOS Nitriles announces acrylonitrile capacity expansion

INEOS Nitriles today announced plans for a major capacity expansion at its acrylonitrile complex in Green Lake, Texas. This project includes the installation of a fourth reactor train and additional investment in associated equipment at Green Lake. Upon completion and startup in the third quarter of 2008,
Green Lake will become the largest acrylonitrile production facility in the world with 544 kt of total capacity or 1.2 billion pounds.


2007/2/5 INEOS

INEOS Oxide: EO and EOA expansion at Lavera

INEOS Oxide announced today, the intention to expand its ethylene oxide and ethanolamine derivative capabilities at its site in Lavera, France.

The expansions will include additional EO capacity and
de-bottlenecking of its 55 kt ethanolamine unit to a worldscale, state of the art, 180 kt facility. With the expansion, INEOS Oxide will become the world's leading ethanolamine seller, with an overall nameplate capacity of 360 kt. Production from these facilities will commence early in 2010.


2007/5/21 INEOS

INEOS Capital to buy Hydro's polymers business

INEOS Capital today announced it has reached agreement to acquire Norsk Hydro ASA's polymers business for NOK 5.5 billion, (Euro 670 million) subject to closing adjustments.

The acquisition of Hydro's polymers activities, recently renamed
Kerling ASA, will allow INEOS to progress its growth strategy in Europe and will enable the company to integrate high quality assets, people and capabilities into its wider business. The acquisition of Kerling represents a very good product and geographic fit, providing complementary assets, expertise and market positions across Europe. INEOS will benefit from an enhanced position across its chloralkali, polymer and compounds businesses, as well as acquiring a 50% share in the Noretyl ethylene cracker at Rafnes, Norway, which is a joint venture with Borealis.

Kerling is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Norsk Hydro ASA, consisting of 1,200 staff and production facilities in Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The business also has interests in joint ventures in Norway, Qatar and China and a shareholding in the Portuguese PVC Producer CIRES, which is listed on Euronext in Lisbon.

拠点は以下の通り。
 ノルウエー  電解、
VCMPVC
         Noretyl AS Borealis との50/50エチレンJV
 スエーデン  電解、
VCMPVCPVCコンパウンド
 英国     
PVCPVCコンパウンド
 中国     
Suzhou Huasu Plastics 31.8%出資のPVCJV
 カタール   
Qatar Vinyl Company 29.7%出資のJVで電解、EDCVCMを製造)
 ポルトガル 
CIRES (信越化学とのPVCJV26%出資)


 

September 7th 2007 EU (IP/07/1290)

Mergers: Commission opens in-depth investigation into proposed acquisition of Kerling by INEOS

The European Commission has opened an in-depth investigation under the EU Merger Regulation into the planned acquisition of Kerling ASA of Norway by the UK-based INEOS Group Limited. The Commissions preliminary market investigation found that the proposed transaction raises serious doubts as to its compatibility with the Single Market and the European Economic Area (EEA 欧州経済領域) agreement given the strong market position that Ineos would achieve on the Suspension PVC (S PVC) market in some Member States, in particular in the UK. The Commission now has 90 working days (until 11 January 2008) to decide whether the takeover would significantly impede effective competition within the EEA or a significant part of it. A decision to open an in-depth investigation does not prejudge the final result of the procedure.

Competition Commissioner Neelie Kroes said After this transaction, INEOS would become by far the largest supplier of S PVC to the UK merchant market and the only local producer in the UK. It is the Commissions duty to thoroughly analyse the consequences of such a transaction to ensure that it would not harm business and domestic consumers.

INEOS is active in the production and distribution of speciality chemicals on a global level. Kerling is a subsidiary of Norsk Hydro ASA and comprises the polymer division of the Norsk Hydro group. It is mainly active in the production and supply of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and caustic soda.

The proposed transaction would mainly affect the commodity Suspension PVC market (S PVC). S PVC is mainly used in the production of plastic products such as PVC tubes, window frames and PVC films. Following its initial investigation the Commission believes that the geographic scope of the S PVC market may be regional or national and in any case narrower than EEA wide. Several factors, such as extremely high market shares, differences in market conditions and indications that with small but durable price increases by INEOS the remaining competitors would not be likely to increase their presence in certain countries, indicate the presence of national relevant markets. Should the relevant markets be national, then following the transaction INEOS would have a strong position in the production and supply of S PVC in various Member States, in particular in the UK, Norway and Sweden. At this stage of the investigation other suppliers from Continental Europe (for example from Germany, France or The Netherlands) do not appear able to exert enough competitive pressure to constrain attempts by INEOS to increase prices.

During the first phase of the investigation, INEOS submitted an initial set of undertakings aimed at removing the competitive concerns identified by the Commission. However, in light of the market test and the analysis carried out by the Commission, these undertakings proved to be unsatisfactory and insufficient as they failed, in particular, to eliminate competition concerns in the UK S PVC market.

On the basis of these concerns, the Commission has decided to open a second phase investigation in order to carry out an in-depth assessment of the effects of the transaction with a focus on the UK S PVC market. During its in-depth investigation, the Commission will also analyse the impact of the transaction in other national markets, in particular Norway and Sweden, as well as the impact on the market for caustic soda, S PVC compounds and rigid PVC films.

欧州経済領域(EEA) 欧州経済共同体(EEC)と欧州自由貿易連合(EFTA)にまたがる経済領域。両者は、1972年に自由貿易協定を締結し、さらに1994年1月には、双方にまたがる広範な共同市場を目指す欧州経済領域(EEA)を発足させた。
欧州自由貿易連合(EFTA) 1958年の欧州経済共同体(EEC)の発足に伴い、EECの枠外にあった欧州7か国(英、オーストリア、デンマーク、ノールウェー、ポルトガル、スウェーデン、スイス)は欧州自由貿易連合を設立。
現在のEFTA加盟国は、スイス、
ノールウェー、アイスランド、リヒテンシュタイン。なお、スイスのみEEAに不参加。

2007/5/21 INEOS

Ineos Chlorvinyls Announces Sale of its E-PVC Business to Vinnolit

INEOS ChlorVinyls has today announced it is to sell its Emulsion PVC (E-PVC) business to Vinnolit GmbH & Co. KG. The value of the deal is not disclosed.

The sale consists of the commercial goodwill of the INEOS ChlorVinyls E-PVC business along with its E-PVC production facilities at Hillhouse (UK) and Schkopau (Germany). The deal will also include Vinnolit entering into an offtake agreement for the entire E-PVC output at Porto Torres (Italy).


INEOS ChlorVinyls retains its European VCM and Suspension PVC (S-PVC) businesses at Runcorn and Barry in the UK; Wilhelmshaven and Schkopau in Germany; and Porto Marghera, Porto Torres and Ravenna in Italy.


2007/6/5 Borealis       Ineos 発表

Borealis sells its petrochemical business in Norway to Ineos

Sale of Norwegian polyolefins business and share in Noretyl gas cracker to Ineos
Creation of independent innovation company
Group support functions remain in Norway as a separate unit

Continuing with the restructuring of its Norwegian operations, Borealis AS announces that it has reached an agreement
to sell its petrochemical business in Bamble, Norway, to Ineos for EUR 290 million. It has also been decided to create a new independent innovation company to take over its innovation centre in Bamble and to retain the existing group support functions at the location as a separate unit.

The facilities sold to Ineos comprise a
175,000 tonne per year (t/y) polypropylene (PP) unit and a 140,000 t/y low density polyethylene (LDPE) unit, as well as a 50% share of the 557,000 t/y Noretyl gas cracker. The polyolefin units manufacture plastics mainly for the growing moulding, film and fibre, and extrusion coating industries in Northern Europe.

  注 Borealis Home Page ではPE能力は270千トンとなっている。
      LDPE  140
      HDPE  130 →110 →閉鎖(検討)

    Noretyl         →Ineos 100%
      Borealis 50%    →Ineos
      Norsk Hydro 50% →Norsk HydroのHydro PolymerをIneos が買収 


2006/2/2 Borealis

Borealis evaluates possible closure of HDPE plant in Norway

The HDPE plant in Norway is one of three production units in Bamble, 160 kilometers southwest of Oslo. The plant started up in 1979 with a capacity of 50,000 tonnes per year and after several debottleneckings, the capacity is today 110,000 tonnes per year. The main products are in the areas of blow moulding and rotomoulding e.g. materials for bottles and leisure boats.


2007/6/5 Ineos

INEOS Group acquires Borealis AS and secures ownership of Noretyl Cracker at Rafnes.

INEOS Group today announced it has reached agreement to acquire the Borealis AS petrochemical business in Norway for EUR 290 million, debt free. The deal includes 50% of the Noretyl ethylene cracker at Rafnes and associated downstream, integrated businesses at the nearby Bamble polyolefins site.

The acquisition of Borealis AS follows the recent announcement made by INEOS Capital,
to buy Norsk Hydro ASAs polymers business (Kerling) and completes the total purchase of the Noretyl cracker, a 50:50 Joint Venture between Norsk Hydro and Borealis AS. The opportunity to purchase both shareholding interests in the Noretyl cracker presents INEOS with unique benefits by bringing the businesses at Rafnes under a single ownership.

The acquisition of Borealis AS provides a complementary fit with its existing Olefins and Polyolefins portfolios, technology and expertise. It also
improves integration into key feedstocks allowing the company to optimise across its existing assets in Scotland (Grangemouth), Benelux (Antwerp, Lillo and Geel), Germany (Köln and Wilhelmshaven) and France (Lavéra) giving INEOS an extended geographic reach in European Markets.


29 June 2007 INEOS

INEOS agrees joint venture with LANXESS to operate the ABS plastics business.

INEOS Group today announced that it has agreed to set up a Joint Venture with LANXESS, the German chemicals and polymers group, through which it is to take over the operation of the LANXESS ABS plastics business, Lustran Polymers. On completion of the first stage INEOS will pay LANXESS Euro35m for a 51 percent majority share in a new business that is to be called INEOS ABS.

As part of the agreement INEOS will then acquire the remaining
49 percent share in the new company, two years after the first stage of the deal closes, for a price based on the performance of the business in the two year period.


Lustran Polymers is currently the world's third largest and Europe's leading supplier of ABS plastics, with sales amounting to almost EUR 900 million. On completion of the agreement, assets in
Dormagen (Germany); Tarragona (Spain); Map Ta Phut (Thailand); Vadodara (India); Addyston (USA) and around1600 employees are to transfer into the new company.


LANXESS

In 2006, the international workforce of around 1,600 in the Lustran Polymers business unit achieved an EBITDA pre exceptionals of approximately EUR 16 million, with sales amounting to almost EUR 900 million. For 2007 an EBITDA pre exceptionals of approximately EUR 40 million is expected.

税引前利益に支払利息と減価償却費を加算

 


2007/7/5 INEOS

INEOS Polyolefins announce PP restructuring at Sarralbe

Having already announced
investment projects of more than Euro150M over the next three years, notably in high density polyethylene (HDPE) at Lillo and polypropylene (PP) at Geel, INEOS Polyolefins announced today its intention to further restructure its assets to ensure a robust production platform capable of maintaining its leading market position for the long-term.

Consistent with this strategy, INEOS Polyolefins intend
to exit PP production on two of their three PP lines at Sarralbe in France. The two slurry lines have become unsustainable due to feedstock issues and their exposure to grades/markets unable to provide sufficient returns through the cycle.

Sarralbe in France (千トン)
  能力   代替
PP Line 1   50 休止 Geel +220500
PP Line 2  165 休止 Lavera, France  +10300
Grangemouth, Scotland +50
285
PP Line 3   65 そのまま  
HDPE  200

 


2007/9/18 Ineos  

INEOS to discontinue Wilhelmshaven cracker project   エチレン80万トン計画

INEOS has reluctantly decided that it will suspend all further work on the planned investment in a new ethane cracker at the Wilhelmshaven site, Germany, following recent discussions between Statoil, E.ON Ruhrgas and INEOS on this investment project.

Increasing capital costs of well over 30% in the last twelve months alone have made the project, in its current form, economically unviable.

Using ethane from a gas separation unit to be constructed by Statoil and E.ON Ruhrgas in Dornum, INEOS had planned to expand its operations at the site through investments in a
new ethane steam cracker, with accompanying investments in a new membrane chlorine cellroom along with major uprates to its existing VCM and SPVC plants. In addition, it was to construct an ethylene pipeline from Wilhelmshaven to the ARG pipeline in North Rhine-Westphalia.

In Germany, the INEOS site at Wilhelmshaven is operated by INEOS ChlorVinyls and produces chlorine and caustic soda, along with S-PCV and VCM for use in the PVC chain.


2007/10/11 Platts

Ineos folds silicas business into Carlyle Group's PQ Corporation

Ineos announced Thursday that it would merge its Ineos Silicas business with Carlyle Group's PQ Corporation.

The Carlyle Group would hold 60% share and Ineos approximately 40% of the new company.

The combined business would become a global producer of
speciality inorganic chemicals, catalysts, and engineered glass products with annual sales revenue estimated at $1 billion.

Business consists of three product and technology platforms based on silicate-based speciality chemicals, catalytic Zeolites and Zeolite-based catalysts and magnesium derivative chemistry.

Potters Industries, PQ Corporation's wholly owned subsidiary, is a leading producer of engineered glass materials serving the highway safety, polymer additive, metal finishing, and conductive particle markets.

2001年3月30日、東芝Potters Industries は、日本における両社共同出資によるガラスビーズ事業の合弁会社「東芝バロティーニに関して、東芝の保有株式51%をポッターズ社にすべて譲渡し、ポッターズ社の100%子会社「ポッターズ・バロティーニ株式会社」とすることで合意した。

東芝バロティーニは、東芝とポッターズ社の合弁会社として、1966年に設立されて以来、日本におけるガラスビーズのトップメーカとして、道路用反射材や、金属など各種材料の表面処理などで使用されるブラスティング・フィラーを中心とする工業用ガラスビーズおよび関連製品を製造・販売している。
ガラスビーズは道路の白線や黄線へ混入し、小さなレンズと塗料の組み合わせで「再帰反射特性(ヘッドライトから出た光がビーズで屈折、塗料で反射されて効率よく運転者の方へ帰る)」を発揮する。

PQ Corporation is a leading producer of silicate, zeolite, and other performance materials serving the detergent, pulp and paper, chemical, petroleum, catalyst, water treatment, construction, and beverage markets. It is a global enterprise, operating in 19 countries on five continents, and along with its chemical businesses, includes Potters Industries, a wholly owned subsidiary, which is a leading producer of engineered glass materials serving the highway safety, polymer additive, metal finishing, and conductive particle markets.

PQ Corporation was founded in 1831 and was known as the Philadelphia Quartz Company from 1864 until 1978. The values of our founders - integrity and fairness, diligence and service, learning and imagination - are still reflected in our contemporary corporate culture. We believe that this culture and the strong spirit of teamwork it fosters are of immense benefit to our customers, our employees, and our suppliers alike.

On June 1, 2007, CCMP Capital Advisors, LLC, on behalf of J.P. Morgan Partners, LLC, has reached an agreement for The Carlyle Group to acquire Niagara Holdings, Inc., parent company of PQ Corporation.
The transaction value is approximately $1.5 billion.


2008/7/1  7thspace.com 

FTC Challenges Carlyle PartnersPurchase of INEOSs Sodium Silicate Businesses
 Companies Required to Sell Carlyles Sodium Silicate Plant in Utica, Illinois

The Federal Trade Commission today issued a complaint charging that Carlyle Partners IV, L.P.
s (Carlyle) proposed acquisition of the world-wide sodium silicateケイ酸ナトリウム and silicas business of INEOS Group Limited (INEOS) would be anticompetitive and in violation of the antitrust laws. Carlyle owns PQ Corporation (PQ), and the transaction as proposed would therefore combine PQ ? the largest sodium silicate producer and seller in the highly concentrated Midwest region of the United States ? with INEOS, its third-largest competitor.

20071011日、Ineos Ineos Silicas Carlyle Group PQ Corporation に統合すると発表した。
Carlyle Group が 新会社の 60%Ineos 40% を所有する。

PQ Corporation は旧称 Philadelphia Quartz で、silicate ベースのspeciality chemicalsZeolite 触媒、マグネシウム誘導品を事業とし、100%子会社のPotters Industries engineered glass materialss 事業を行っている。
20076月にCarlyle Group 15億ドルで買収した。

To remedy the alleged anticompetitive effects of the transaction, the companies have entered into a consent agreement with the Commission that requires them to sell PQs sodium silicate plant and businesses in Utica, Illinois, to an FTC-approved buyer. The order also requires the companies to license all of the intellectual property related to sodium silicate product at the Utica plant.


2008/7/2

PQ Corporation, INEOS Silicas Merger Complete

Combination Creates Global Producer of Specialty Chemical Products

PQ Corporation announced today that it has completed its merger with INEOS Silicas. The merger was originally announced on October 11, 2007. The combination of the two companies forms a global producer of specialty inorganic chemicals, catalysts and engineered glass products with annual sales revenues in excess of US $1 billion. The merged company will continue to be known as PQ Corporation and will be headed by Mike Boyce, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer.


2008/1/11 Ineos          

INEOS to buy Vinyl Acetate Monomer and Ethyl Acetate businesses from BP

INEOS today announced it has reached an agreement to acquire the
Vinyl Acetate Monomer (VAM) and Ethyl Acetate (EtAc) businesses from BP. The deal comprises 500ktpa of production capacity at the Saltend manufacturing site near Hull, UK, along with the Teesside to Saltend Ethylene Pipeline (TSEP).


The
Ethyl Acetate plant was commissioned in 2001 and has a capacity of 250ktpa, making it one of the worlds largest single Ethyl Acetate facilities. Ethyl Acetate is used in the manufacture of printing inks, glues, paints, packaging, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. The Vinyl Acetate Monomer plant, which also has 250ktpa capacity, was commissioned in 2002 and supplies an essential raw material for paints, adhesives, floor coverings and clothing production. Between them, the facilities employ around 40 people, who it is expected will transfer to INEOS on completion of the acquisition. The combined sales revenue in 2007 was around $400m.


March 13 2007 BP

BP to Sell Two Chemicals Businesses Based at Hull

BP announced today its intention to sell its ethyl acetate (ETAC) and vinyl acetate monomer (VAM) manufacturing units at Saltend, near Hull, UK, and the associated commercial businesses.

The decision follows a review which concluded that the Saltend site would
focus on its existing acetic acid and acetic anhydride 無水酢酸businesses. In addition, BP is proposing to relocate all commercial roles in the European region of its acetyls business from its offices in Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex to the Saltend site. The proposed move is expected to create more than 30 commercial roles at the Saltend Site which is the largest producer of acetic acid in Europe.

Guy Moeyens, the Business Unit Leader of BP Acetyls said
We are committed to supplying acetic acid to customers around the world. We will continue to develop world class technology in acetic acid and acetic anhydride using our research and manufacturing facilities at Saltend. We will ensure that our staff, customers, suppliers and contractors are kept informed of developments

Notes for editors:



2001/12/3 BP 

BP Starts Commercial Production From World's Largest Ethyl Acetate Plant

BP has started full-scale commercial production from its new Avada ethyl acetate production unit at its site at Saltend, Hull, UK. The 220,000 tonnes a year capacity unit is the world's largest single ethyl acetate production unit.

The plant is the first to use BP's proprietary Avada technology which produces ethyl acetate directly from ethylene and acetic acid. Ethylene is supplied to the plant through the recent extension of the UK ethylene pipeline system, linking Hull to BP's Grangemouth complex, and acetic acid is supplied from three plants on the Saltend site itself.

 


2008/1/30 Ineos        EU extends inquiry deadline for Ineos buy of Kerling to Jan 11

European Commission Gives Clearance for INEOS acquisition of Hydro Polymers

INEOS Capital confirms that it has today received unconditional clearance from the European Commission for the purchase of the Hydro Polymers businesses in Norway, Sweden and the UK from Norsk Hydro ASA. The acquisition was agreed with Norsk Hydro last year and includes the remaining 50% interest in the Noretyl ethylene cracker at Rafnes, INEOS Group having acquired the other 50% from Borealis last summer.

The Commission has now confirmed that, following its assessment of the information gathered during the inspections, it has come to the conclusion that
the allegations of early implementation were unjustified and it will not therefore be taking the matter any further.


2008/2/24 Ineos

INEOS Polyolefins announces extension of Grangemouth PP and PE

INEOS Polyolefins today announced its intention to invest in
random co-polymer technology on its liquid pool polypropelene (PP) unit at Grangemouth, Scotland.
In early 2007, INEOS Polyolefins announced the 50ktpa debottleneck of its liquid pool polypropylene unit, raising its capacity
to 285ktpa. This investment has now been completed and has enabled the company to implement a further step-change in the asset's capability,

As part of its development of the polyolefin platform at Grangemouth, INEOS Polyolefins also intends to introduce
swing capability on its 310 ktpa LLDPE plant to produce HDPE grades.


2008/3/13 INEOS    

INEOS to acquire Seal Sands site (UK) from BASF

INEOS today announced that it has agreed to purchase the Seal Sands site on Teesside (UK) from BASF plc, a subsidiary of the German chemical company BASF. The acquisition is being made by INEOS Nitriles Limited and is conditional on approval from the relevant antitrust authority. The value of the deal is not disclosed.

The Seal Sands site provides large-scale production facilities for
acrylonitrile (AN), adipodinitrile (ADN) and hexamethylenediamine (HMD), along with by-product plants.

The Acrylonitrile plant at Seal Sands currently produces around 230,000 tonnes per annum with the majority of product being used to supply three BASF downstream businesses, located at Antwerp (Belgium), Seal Sands (UK) and Ludwigshafen (Germany).

The adipodinitrile (ADN) and the hexamethylenediamine (HMD) plants have been excluded from the sale although INEOS Nitriles will run these.
HMD remains a key element in BASFs PA 6.6 value chain,BASF said and so the company has held on to them.
The ADN plant at the site is to be closed permanently at the end of 2008 - this was previously announced by BASF in June 2007 after they signed an external supply agreement with US-based Invista.
    ADNHMDPA 6.6


INEOS already has global nameplate production
nitriles capacity of 960,000tonnes/year with plants in Cologne, Germany and Green Lake and Lima, US.

Koeln, Germany is INEOS nitriles second largest acrylonitrile site and produces 320,000 tonnes.
INEOS
 Green Lake plant, in Calhoun County, Texas, today produces 450,000 tonnes of acrylonitrile per year.
Lima, Ohio produces 190,000 tonnes of acrylonitrile.
 


2008/3/27 Ineos

INEOS Technologies signs further agreement with Sibur LLC

Sibur LLC has selected INEOS' Innovene PP Process for a new 200,000 tpa polypropylene plant to be constructed at the production site of Tomskneftekhim LLC, Tomsk, Russian Federation.

Sibur previously licensed a
500,000 tpa plant based on Innovene PP technology at its industrial complex in Tobolsk, Tyumen Region, Russian Federation.


INEOS Technologies
complete portfolio of leading licensed technologies includes:
Innovene PP gas phase technology for the production of polypropylene
Innovene S slurry technology for the production of mono- and bi-modal HDPE
Innovene G swing gas phase technology for the production of LLDPE and HDPE
Polystyrene general purpose, high impact and expandable PS technologies
BICHLOR membrane electrolyser technology for chlor alkali production
Vinyls technology for the production of EDC, VCM and PVC
Nitriles technology for the production of acrylonitrile and maleic anhydride


2008/7/7 prw.com 

Ineos mulls future of PVC production in Italy
 Modernisation plan in trouble at Porto Marghera

Chemicals giant Ineos could quit production of PVC and vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) at Porto Marghera, just outside Venice, if it fails to resolve a long-running problem over supply of chlorine to the site.

Italian subsidiary Ineos Vinyls Italia said it has been working for the past four years on a modernisation plan for the Porto Marghera site, where PVC production capacity is around 200,000tpa.

In a statement earlier this year, the company said it had invested Euro 60m in the site since 2000. It also said that it wanted to balance production of VCM and PVC, in a plan that would, among other things, raise PVC capacity to 260,000tpa.

The plan hinges on the acquisition of a chlor-alkali plant, currently owned by Syndial, a subsidary of the Italian Eni group. This plant produces the chlorine necessary for production of VCM and PVC.

However, last month Ineos said that it has become clear that the acquisition cannot take place because of problems that remain confidential.

The Syndial plant uses old mercury cell technology, and discussions about converting it to more environment-friendly membrane cell technology have been going on for years.