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Iraq
Economy
http://0-www.search.eb.com.library.uor.edu/eb/article-232273?tocId=232273
The manufacturing sector developed rapidly after the mid-1970s, when government policy shifted toward heavy industrialization and import substitution. Iraq's program received assistance from many countries, particularly from the former Soviet Union. The state generally has controlled all heavy manufacturing, the oil sector, power production, and the infrastructure, although private investment in manufacturing was at times encouraged. Until 1980 most heavy manufacturing was greatly subsidized and made little economic sense, but it brought prestige for the Ba'th regime and later, during the Iran-Iraq War, served as a basis for the country's massive military buildup. Petrochemical and iron and steel plants were built at Khawr al-Zubayr, and petrochemical production and oil refining were greatly expanded both at Al-Basrah and at Al-Musayyib, 40 miles (65 km) south of Baghdad, which was designated as the site of an enormous integrated industrial complex.
Platts
Guide to Iraq's Oil Industry
http://www.platts.com/features/Iraq/index.shtml
With proven reserves of 112-bil bbl and probable reserves of 214-bil bbl, Iraq has the second largest crude reserves in the world after Saudi Arabia. The infrastructure of the country's oil industry is however in a lamentable state after suffering badly in the 1991 Gulf War.
Reserves could top 300-bil barrels
Production cannot be sustained
Unofficial exports through Syria
IRAQ - The Petrochemical Sector.
湾岸戦争前に2つのコンプレックス
１．Khor Al Zubair （PC-1）
エチレン 130千トン
LDPE 60千トン
HDPE 30千トン
ＥＤＣ 110千トン
ＶＣＭ 66千トン
ＰＶＣ 60千トン
1980 完成後、1980-88 イラン戦争で不稼動
1991 戦争で被害
2003年 部分再開
２．Musayyib 空爆の対象
エチレン 250千トン
ＬＤＰＥ 160
ＥＧ
55
ＥＯ 20
ＰＰ 100
ﾌﾞﾀｼﾞｪﾝ
70
ＳＭ
145
ＰＳ
80
ＳＢＲ 80
ＭＴＢＥ 60
ブテン１
15
ＡＢＳ 15
styrene
acrylonitrile copolymer 5
1980年代
戦争で建設延期
1988 着工
1991 ほぼ完成時に戦争で被爆
1992年 部分稼動
現在、Khor Al Zubairのみが稼動 （下記 情報1、情報 2）
稼動能力
LDPE 36千トン
HDPE 19千トン
Ministry
of Industry & Minerals- Chemical & Petrochemical Sector
（ Iraq Investment
and Reconstruction
Task Force of the U.S. Department of Commerce. ）
April 15, 2003 Financial
Times
Iraq has the resources to become oil/chemical giant.
Iraq has one chemical site still operating, including a 130,000 tonnes/y cracker, and plants for 60,000 tonnes/y of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and 30,000 tonnes/y high density polyethylene (HDPE). All these plants were operating at 20-30% of capacity before the war.
立地： Khor-al-Zubair
http://www.geodesign.co.uk/iraq/iraq_why.htm
In the Arabian Gulf, Iraq has three tanker terminals: at Mina al-Bakr, Khor al-Amaya, and Khor al-Zubair.
Mina al-Bakr is Iraq's largest oil terminal, with four 400,000-bbl/d capacity berths capable of handling very large crude carriers (VLCCs). The terminal has a capacity as high as 1.2 MMBD.
Khor al-Amaya terminal could load 600,000 bbl/d. Upon full completion of repairs, Iraq projects Khor al-Amaya's capacity will rise to 1.2 MMBD.
Khor al-Zubair Iraq's third terminal, is linked to the Umm Qasr port by a 30-mile long canal. While Khor al-Zubair generally handles dry goods, it has the capability to service small quantities of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and refined products. Like Umm Qasr, Khor al-Zubair is being outfitted with crude loading capabilities.
APS Review Downstream Trends December 09, 2002
http://static.highbeam.com/a/apsreviewdownstreamtrends/december092002/iraqthepetrochemicalsector/
Before the 1991 war, Baghdad had impressive plans for its
petrochemicals industry. Officials have said that, after the
sanctions, Iraq may eventually become the world's second largest
exporter of petrochemicals. This depends on whether Iraq can
outpace the rapidly expanding petrochemical sector of Iran as
well as that of Saudi Arabia.
One of the targets for allied bombing in
Jan. 1991 was the 1.5m t/y petrochemical complex at Al Musayyib, in
the centre, which was intended to become an industrial zone
matching those of Baiji to the north or Khor Al Zubair to the
south. Technical teams have managed to rehabilitate several of
the damaged plants which now meet domestic requirements for a
range of plastics. But, as with oil products, the quality is
questionable since most units were only partly restored.
Iraq has two main petrochemical complexes, one in operation at Khor Al Zubair near Basra, called PC-1, and the other under construction at Musayyib,・・・・・
AllBusiness
2005/5/9
IRAQ - The Petrochemical Sector.
http://www.allbusiness.com/periodicals/article/414801-1.html
Iraq has two main
petrochemical complexes, one at Khor Al-Zubair near Basra,
called PC-1, and the other under construction at Musayib, 60 km
south of Baghdad called PC-2. Both owned and run by the State Enterprise
for Petrochemicals (SEP).
PC-1 - Khor Al Zubair - was badly damaged in the
previous war, by March 1991 leaving Iraq with no thermo-plastic
building blocks. It resumed limited operations in
February 1992.
The complex was mothballed on its completion in 1980 because of
the 1980-88 war with Iran. It went on stream in early 1989 to
produce: 130,000 t/y of ethane-based
ethylene; 110,000 t/y of ethylene dichloride; 60,000 t/y of LDPE;
30,000 t/y of HDPE; 66,000 t/y of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM);
and 60,000 t/y of PVC.
PC-2 - Musayib: Construction of this complex, in
central Iraq, had been postponed since the early 1980s because of
the war with Iran. Soon after Iran accepted the ceasefire in
August 1988, SEP went ahead with the project. A UK unit of
Bechtel was contracted as a technical consultant and did the
initial studies. The complex was nearly complete as the 1991 war
began. Allied bombing severely damaged
its units. It was brought on
stream partly in October 1992, with Iraqi engineers having done
the designs. Its ethylene unit was to have a 250,000 t/y capacity
compared to 420,000 t/y planned.
Musayib was being developed as an industrial centre, with West
Qurna field to provide crude oil, fuel and gas feedstocks. Under
pre-war plans, the first phase of PC-2 was to cost up to $2.5 bn
and was due to come on stream in the second half of 1991. It was
to have the following capacities:
250,000
t/y of ethylene, - 160,000 t/y of low-density polyethylene, -
55,000 t/y of ethylene glycol, - 20,000 t/y of ethylene oxide, -
100,000 t/y of polypropylene, - 70,000 t/y of butadiene, -
145,000 t/y of styrene monomer, - 80,000 t/y of polystyrene, -
80,000 t/y of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and polybutadiene
rubber, - 60,000 t/y of MTBE, - 15,000 t/y of butene-1, - 15,000
t/y of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), and - 5,000 of
styrene acrylonitrile copolymer (SAC).
OGN online.com
2003/11/24
Sector hope in Petchem plant launch
http://www.oilandgasnewsonline.com/bkArticlesF.asp?IssueID=290&Section=1480&Article=11860
Hopes are high that
private-sector investment will secure the future of Iraq's Khor
al-Zubair petrochemicals plant.
Engineers at the Khor al-Zubair petrochemicals
plant, about
40 kilometres south of Basra, are on the brink of a major
breakthrough. In late October, gas pressure at the plant reached
levels high enough to restart production of chlorine for the
first time since it was shut down just before the outbreak of war
in March.
The plant requires 80 million-85 million cubic feet a day of gas
feedstock. Some of this is siphoned off to fuel the complex's
four gas turbines, which have capacity to produce about 60 MW of
power. Only one of the turbines is operating at present. The US'
Bechtel, under its US Agency for International
Development (USAID) reconstruction contract, has brought in Dubai-based
Masaood John Brown to repair the units, which it originally
installed.
Iraq considering $2 bln
petrochemical plant
Iraq is considering building a $2 billion petrochemical plant and
could begin talks with potential international investors in the
project this year, the country's industry minister said on
Sunday.
The plant would have an annual capacity of 1 million tones of
ethylene and derivatives, he said.
Hariri said on Wednesday that Royal Dutch Shell Plc and Dow
Chemical Co were in talks with the government to renovate and expand a chemical
plant in southern Iraq at a cost of up to $2.1 billion.
日本経済新聞 2008/7/1
イラク ８油田・ガス田、外資導入
13年に原油8割増産 日系4社など応札資格
イラクのシャハリスタニ石油相は３０日、外資導入の対象となる油田と天然ガス田、計８ヶ所を発表した。イラクは世界第三位の石油埋蔵量を有する。戦後復興を急ぐ同国は外国石油会社への油田開放により原油生産能力を２０２２年に現在の８割増となる日量４５０万バレルに引き上げる計画。すでに日本企業４社（国際石油開発帝石ホールディングス、石油資源開発、新日本石油、三菱商事）を含む外資が応札資格を得ており、イラク参入をめぐる競争が本格化する。
外資導入による油田開発は03年のイラク戦争後初めて。対象となるのは北部の主要油田キルクークや南部の大油田ズベイル、ルメイラなど油田６カ所と、西部のアッカスなど天然ガス田２カ所。イラク石油省は事前審査で絞り込んだ４１社を対象に０９年３月までに入札を実施、落札企業と同年６月までに契約する。
外資導入による油田開発には、外国企業の開発への参加の枠組みや石油収入の分配などのルールを定めた基本法が必要。しかし、同法をめぐっては国内各派の対立で連邦議会での審議が停滞している。
Sep 01, 2008 (AsiaPulse via COMTEX)
Iraq signes first major oil deal with China
Iraq has signed its first
major oil deal with a foreign company since the fall of Saddam
Hussein's regime, a spokesman for the Iraqi Oil Ministry said
Saturday.
The contract with the China National Petroleum
Corporation could
be worth up to US$3 billion and marks the first time in more than
35 years that Iraq has allowed a foreign oil company to do
business inside its borders.
The deal allows the CNPC to develop an oil field in
southern Iraq's Wasit province for about 20 years, Oil Ministry spokesman Assim
Jihad said.
Iraq's Cabinet must still approve the contract, but Jihad said
that would happen soon and work could start within a few months.
The Chinese company will provide technical advisers, oil workers
and equipment to develop al-Ahdab oil field, providing fuel for al- Zubaidiya
power plant in Wasit, southeast of Baghdad, bordering Iran, Jihad
said.
Iraq
currently produces about 2.5 million barrels a day, 2 million of which are exported
daily, Jihad said. That is close to its status before the US-led
war that toppled Saddam in 2003, but below its levels prior to
the Persian Gulf War in 1991.
Iraqi Oil Minister Hussein Shahrestani said in July that he is
confident Iraq will be able to double its
production in the next five years.
As it did with other international companies, the Saddam regime
had a partnership contract with CNPC signed at the
end of the 1990s that entitled the company to share profits. The current contract, however,
will be only a "service
contract" under which CNPC is simply paid for its services, Jihad said.
2008/8/29 CNN
バグダッド南方の油田開発で合意、調印 イラクと中国国営企業
イラク石油省高官は２８日、同国と中国がイラクの首都バグダッド南方にあるアハダブ油田開発の合意文書に２７日調印したと述べた。同油田の開発で 両国は、２００３年の米軍事作戦の開始前に合意、調印していたが、戦時の影響で、政府間の承認が出来ない状態となっていた。
日本経済新聞 2009/5/16 情報錯綜（下記）
来月からクルド自治区の原油輸出 イラク政府、歳入減少で妥協
イラクの北部三州で構成するクルド人自治区から初の原油輸出が6月に始まる。原油の主権をめぐり対立してきた中央政府とクルド自治政府の間で妥協が成立、ノルウェーやカナダなどの石油会社が日量10万バレル程度の原油を中央政府が管理する既存パイプラインを使ってトルコの地中海岸の積み出し港に運ぶ。
Tawke油田はノルウェーのDNO International ASA が、Taq Taq 油田はカナダのAddax Petroleum などの企業連合が開発する。
Tawke is being developed jointly by independent Norwegian oil company DNO and Turkey's Genel Enerji, while Swiss-Canadian Addax Petroleum Corp. is jointly operating the Taq Taq field with Genel Enerji.
Oslo-based DNO became the first independent Western oil company to secure an oil deal in post-Saddam Iraq, signing a production sharing contract with the Kurds in June 2004 to develop the Tawke field.
Three years later, the field came on stream but DNO was forced to sell the produced oil on the local market where prices are lower because it could not obtain an export permit due to the standoff between the Kurds and Baghdad. The field has 14 wells and more will be drilled.
Earlier this year, Genel Enerji teamed up with DNO in the Tawke development project.
In July 2005, the Swiss-Canadian independent Addax Petroleum joined Genel Enerji in a production sharing contract to develop Taq Taq.
The field, which has 11 wells, came on stream in November 2006 and faced the same export problem.
The northern Kurdish region has reserves of at least 40-45 billion barrels of oil, nearly half of Iraq's proven 115 billion barrels.
中央政府と自治政府は今回、2油田で産出する原油の販売はイラク石油省傘下の国営石油会社(SOMO)が担当し、外国石油会社は自治政府と交わした開発契約(生産物分与契約)の比率に基づいて売却代金を受け取ることで合意したもよう。
ーーー
6月1日、原油輸出が始まった。1日に自治区首府アルビルでの開始式典にはタラバニ大統領と自治政府のバルザニ議長が出席し、和解を演出した。
中央政府が原油収入増を望んだため例外的に妥協が成立したとの見方もあり、長期的な対立緩和につながるかは不透明。
両油田からの収入の88%は中央政府に入り、このうち17%を自治政府が受け取る。残りは開発企業分となる。
About 40,000 barrels per
day will initially be sent from Taq Taq, which is in a remote
area of Irbil, with another 60,000 barrels a day from the Tawke
field in nearby Dahuk province.
The two fields are expected to reach a total capacity of 250,000
barrels per day within a year and 1 million barrels per day in
the coming two to three years, said Khalid Saleh, a spokesman for
the region's Natural Resources Ministry.
Iraq currently produces about 2.4 million barrels of oil per day and exports about 1.9 million - most from ports in the Shiite south.
May 31 (Reuters) -
UAE's Dana Gas will go ahead with its project in Iraq's Kurdistan region despite the federal government's rejection of the deal, a Dana Gas source told Reuters on Sunday.
This month the UAE's Crescent Petroleum and affiliate Dana Gas formed a consortium with Austria's OMV and Hungary's MOL to pump enough gas from Iraq's Kurdistan region to kick-start the Nabucco pipeline to Europe via Turkey.
Shortly following the announcement, the Iraqi federal government rejected the deal signed by the Kurdish Regional Government (KRG), creating a potential hurdle for the project.
"These are all inner conflicts and we have nothing to do with them," said a source from Dana Gas who spoke to Reuters under condition of anonymity on the sidelines of a conference in the emirate of Sharjah.
"From a legal stand, our contact is one hundred percent valid ...what is happening between the Kurdish government and the federal government is a conflict we have no part in," the source added.
In the past the Iraqi oil ministry has criticised oil and gas contracts that the Kurdistan government has signed with international oil companies, calling them illegal.
The Western-backed Nabucco pipeline aims to lessen Europe's dependence on Russian gas. Until now, the $10 billion pipeline project had plenty of willing buyers in Europe but little gas to sell.
OMV will pay $350 million to Crescent and Dana for a 10 percent stake in their Kurdistan operating unit Pearl Petroleum. Before the deal, Crescent and Dana each held 50 percent in Pearl.
MOL will give 3 percent of its shares each to Crescent and Dana. In return, MOL will also take 10 percent in Pearl.
This month Badr Jafar, executive director for Crescent Petroleum, told Reuters that the assets in the region have the potential to produce over 3 billion cubic feet per day (cfd) by 2014.
ーーー
Iraq's oil minister confirmed that the federal government doesn't recognize oil contracts signed by the Kurds with several foreign companies.
The Kurdish government says drilling contracts with around 25 foreign companies are permitted under Iraq's constitution, which gives the Kurds a high degree of governance over its own affairs, including oil policy.
ーーー
Korea Times 2009/5/14
KNOC, Iraq Engaged in
Accidental Truth Game Over Oil Deals
A sort of game of truth is under way following the Iraq central
government's announcement over the weekend that all oil deals cut
between foreign firms and Kurds were invalid.
To the contrary, the state-run Korea National Oil Corporation
(KNOC) says that everything was okay, alluding to an earlier
announcement by the Kurds that oil deals with foreign firms were
effective.
The
Kurds said last Friday they will begin their first-ever crude oil
exports next month.
Under the plan, oil from their Tawke and Taq Taq fields will be
sold outside Iraq through a pipeline into to Turkey.
Accordingly, the company said Tuesday it will start drilling oil
blocks in the northern Iraqi region in the fourth quarter of the
year, explaining that Baghdad had given them permission
to go ahead with their oil deals.
``Our exploration plan has been independently going on,
regardless of what is happening there,'' said KNOC spokesman
Seong Hyun-soo. ``Still, it's positive that we are seeing Iraq
changing its view on the Kurdish issue.''
The company added it had confirmed the Iraqi government in
Baghdad had sent a written guarantee to Heritage Oil, a U.K-based
firm. But acknowledged KNOC hadn't received any guarantee.
Starting with the Bazian block, KNOC will work on the Sangaw
South block in the first half of next year and the Qush Tappa
block in the second half, the state-run oil company said. It
currently owns a majority stake in the three blocks, including an
80-percent stake in Qush Tappa.
Following a Bazian deal in a consortium in November 2007, KNOC
inked contracts for another five blocks a year later. Those
blocks are estimated to have a total of 7.2 billion barrels of
oil reserves in aggregate ― and Korea will be able to secure
three billion barrels of crude, if its explorations are
successful, the company said in a statement.
Then came a retraction from the central government, which said
that all deals with the Kurds were ``illegal and illegitimate.''
``The region does not have the right, nor does any province or
anyone else, to sign contracts on behalf of Iraq without
authorization,'' Iraqi oil minister Oil Minister Hussain
al-Shahristani was quoted as saying during an interview with the
state television, Iraqia, on Tuesday. ``All contracts should be
submitted to the ministry.''
On the same day, Iraq's oil ministry spokesman Asim Jihad said no
deal has been concluded between the two parties so far.
However, KNOC dismissed those statements.
``It's not a surprise. The minister has always been standing on
the opposing end and won't change his official stance in a
moment,'' Seong said. ``But now it appears Baghdad is fine-tuning
agreements before giving full permission to the Kurdistan
government."
Seoul has been trying to further tap into oil-rich Iraq. In
February, the government signed a memorandum of understanding
with Iraq to take part in a $3.6-billion oil field exploration
project during the visit of Jalal Talabani, the first Iraqi
president to visit Korea.
Some Korean firms have suffered some setbacks in Iraqi business
as the price for dealing with Kurdistan, which signed several oil
exploration deals with overseas firms in defiance of warnings
from Baghdad. SK Energy, Korea's No.1 refiner, was banned from
importing crude oil from the Middle Eastern country from January
last year before resuming its business a year later.
Iraq-Eni sign Zubair oil
deal
Iraq's oil ministry on Monday signed an initial deal with a
consortium led by Italy's Eni SpA to develop a prized southern
oil field, an agreement representing a key step forward in the
country's obstacle-strewn road to revamp its dilapidated oil
sector.
Eni,
the U.S.'s Occidental Petroleum Corp. and South Korea's KOGAS will develop the 4.1 billion
barrel Zubair field, with an eye to boosting output
from around 200,000 barrels per day to 1.1
million barrels a day within seven years.
Although the deal must still be approved by the Cabinet, Iraqi
Oil Minister Hussain al-Shahristani, hailed it as a significant
achievement at Monday's signing ceremony in Baghdad.
"Today, Iraq made a big leap on the way to develop its oil
industry," said al-Shahristani of the deal, which comes a
day before Iraq is to finalize an agreement with Britain's BP PLC
to develop the nation's largest oil field. "We are happy
with this progress and the achievement."
Shahristani also promised "more good news in the coming days
that will "put Iraq on the international oil map."
The Eni-led consortium will receive $2 per barrel of
crude produced. That's
less than half $4.80 per barrel they had bid in the licensing
round in held in June in Baghdad. The 20-year contract could be
extended by another five years.
In June Iraq's Oil Ministry said Eni, with other bidders, was not willing to accept the government's contract terms for the Zubair oilfield.
"(We changed our minds) because the tax terms are different now," said Eni's Chief Operating Officer for E&P Claudio Descalzi on Thursday.
Speaking to analysts on a conference call, Descalzi said that under the original Zubair terms taxes were on total revenue -- on both cost oil and profit oil.
"Now taxes are just on profit oil," he said.